Table 4.
– The p values from likelihood ratio tests of coefficients in simple and multiple logistic regressions evaluating the relationship of demographic/clinical characteristics with (a) malignant histology and (b) tumor grade*
| (a) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | Malignant (1) vs benign (0) | |||
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted p value | Full model OR (95% CI) | Full model p value | |
| Gender main effects | 3.23 (1.94–5.38) | <0.001 | 7.38 (0.31–178) | 0.196 |
| Age main effect† | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.237 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.772 |
| Age spline term | Multivariable only | – | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | – |
| Sex–age interaction‡ | Multivariable only | – | 0.99 (0.89–1.12) | 0.097 |
| Interaction spline term | Multivariable only | – | 0.95 (0.83–1.08) | – |
| R score | – | 0.0003 | – | 0.012 |
| R: 1 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| R: 2 | 1.71 (0.92–3.17) | – | 1.65 (0.81–3.36) | – |
| R: 3 | 4.86 (1.89–12.52) | – | 4.05 (1.44–11.4) | – |
| E score | 0.339 | – | 0.454 | |
| E: 1 | 1.74 (0.83–3.61) | – | 1.7 (0.68–4.27) | – |
| E: 2 | 1.61 (0.79–3.26) | – | 1.67 (0.74–3.74) | – |
| E: 3 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| N score | – | 0.0996 | – | 0.312 |
| N: 1 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| N: 2 or 3 | 1.62 (0.93–2.82) | – | 1.44 (0.71–2.93) | – |
| L score | – | 0.243 | – | 0.130 |
| L: 1 | 1.37 (0.70–2.67) | – | 2.09 (1.01–4.31) | – |
| L: 2 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| L: 3 | 1.65 (0.92–2.93) | – | 1.49 (0.77–2.88) | – |
| H score | – | 0.007 | – | 0.066 |
| No H | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| H | 2.73 (1.22–6.14) | – | 2.17 (0.9–5.19) | – |
| Covariate | High (1) vs low (0) grade | |||
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted p value | Full model OR (95% CI) | Full model p value | |
| Gender main effects | 1.17 (0.78–1.76) | 0.443 | 10.65 (0.88–129) | 0.053 |
| Age main effect† | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.086 | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.189 |
| Age spline term | Multivariable only | – | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | – |
| Sex–age interaction‡ | Multivariable only | – | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 0.203 |
| Interaction | Multivariable | – | 1.09 | – |
| spline term | only | (0.98–1.21) | ||
| R score | – | <0.001 | – | <0.001 |
| R: 1 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| R: 2 | 2.94 (1.84–4.7) | – | 2.26 (1.33–3.83) | – |
| R: 3 | 5.26 (3.19–8.65) | – | 3.89 (2.13–7.13) | – |
| E score | – | 0.074 | – | 0.041 |
| E: 1 | 1.47 (0.78–2.79) | – | 1.24 (0.58–2.66) | – |
| E: 2 | 1.96 (1.05–3.69) | – | 2.00 (1.00–4.01) | – |
| E: 3 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| N score | – | 0.001 | – | 0.951 |
| N: 1 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| N: 2 or 3 | 2.22 (1.35–3.65) | – | 0.98 (0.53–1.82) | – |
| L score | – | <0.001 | – | 0.002 |
| L: 1 | 0.30 (0.16–0.54) | – | 0.39 (0.21–0.72) | – |
| L: 2 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| L: 3 | 1.32 (0.84–2.07) | – | 1.06 (0.63–1.76) | – |
| H score | – | 0.003 | – | 0.583 |
| No H | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| H | 1.99 (1.26–3.13) | – | 1.16 (0.69–1.95) | – |
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; E = exophytic/endophytic; H = hilar; L = location; N = nearness; NS = nephrometry sum; R = radius; SD = standard deviation.
Although the model coefficients are not reported in this table, they were used to create the nomogram that allows for a visualization of the magnitude of the associations: n = 525 for malignant regression; n = 443* for high-grade regression.
Age was entered into the model after subtracting the minimum age (age minus 25) via a restricted cubic spline with three knots at empirical quantiles. The Nephrometry component scores were entered as categorical dummy variables using the groupings shown in the nomograms. Where two terms were entered into the model for a variable, the p value represents the joint hypothesis test of both parameters. For example, two E components and two age spline terms were entered into the models.
Ten individuals with cancer but missing grade values were excluded from the high-versus low-grade analysis.