Table 3.
Sex differences for kinematic and kinetic gait parameters: mean values and associations with age.
| Gait parameters in kinematics and kineticsa | mean (SE) | age-association, β (SE) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| women( N= 162 ) | men( N= 174 ) | p value b | women c( N= 162 ) | men c( N= 174 ) | p value d | |
| In the sagittal-plane | ||||||
| range of motion, degree | ||||||
| Hip | 38.83 (0.37) | 40.49 (0.35) | 0.004 | −0.229 (0.052)*** | −0.264 (0.050)*** | 0.558 |
| Knee | 53.98 (0.45) | 54.96 (0.43) | 0.163 | −0.373 (0.057)*** | −0.341 (0.063)*** | 0.657 |
| Ankle | 25.22 (0.36) | 22.86 (0.34) | < 0.001 | −0.145 (0.036)*** | −0.106 (0.031)*** | 0.384 |
| generative MWE, mJ/kg | ||||||
| Hip | 150.21 (5.97) | 163.77 (5.70) | 0.152 | 0.359 (0.521) | −0.976 (0.554) | 0.082 |
| Knee | 87.69 (4.21) | 104.06 (4.02) | 0.014 | 0.001 (0.356) | −0.273 (0.361) | 0.572 |
| Ankle | 201.70 (5.53) | 197.96 (5.28) | 0.669 | −0.388 (0.540) | 0.079 (0.477) | 0.488 |
| absorptive MWE, mJ/kg | ||||||
| Hip | 286.86 (9.32) | 230.40 (8.90) | < 0.001 | −0.918 (0.864) | −0.405 (0.677) | 0.613 |
| Knee | 195.27 (7.61) | 166.26 (7.26) | 0.016 | −0.003 (0.745) | −0.409 (0.633) | 0.652 |
| Ankle | 128.89 (4.16) | 136.11 (3.07) | 0.272 | 0.623 (0.426) | −0.293 (0.349) | 0.086 |
| In the frontal-plane | ||||||
| range of motion, degree | ||||||
| Hip | 10.30 (0.21) | 9.36 (0.20) | 0.004 | −0.071 (0.020)*** | −0.052 (0.017)** | 0.429 |
| Knee | 9.62 (0.35) | 10.46 (0.33) | 0.128 | −0.008 (0.033) | −0.078 (0.029)** | 0.089 |
| Ankle | 9.53 (0.26) | 9.00 (0.25) | 0.209 | −0.105 (0.023)*** | −0.057 (0.020)** | 0.100 |
| generative MWE, mJ/kg | ||||||
| Hip | 74.88 (2.82) | 63.25 (2.69) | 0.010 | −1.166 (0.274)*** | −1.192 (0.246)*** | 0.939 |
| Knee | 10.57 (0.73) | 12.24 (0.70) | 0.151 | −0.065 (0.052) | −0.007 (0.068) | 0.447 |
| Ankle | 11.43 (1.12) | 8.75 (1.07) | 0.129 | 0.067 (0.088) | 0.157 (0.109) | 0.512 |
| absorptive MWE, mJ/kg | ||||||
| Hip | 41.67 (2.07) | 55.25 (1.97) | < 0.001 | 0.483 (0.196)* | −0.097 (0.193) | 0.031 |
| Knee | 18.74 (1.06) | 19.09 (1.01) | 0.835 | −0.043 (0.080) | 0.043 (0.089) | 0.453 |
| Ankle | 17.20 (1.10) | 17.03 (1.05) | 0.926 | −0.147 (0.108) | −0.127 (0.110) | 0.907 |
SE: Standard Error.
a
controlled for age, height, mass, and gait speed
b
p-values for sex difference in mean values
c
Asterisks indicate a significant association with age:
*
p < 0.050;
**
p < 0.010;
***
p < 0.001
d
p-values for interaction term of sex*age (i.e., testing whether the association between age and the given gait parameter differs in men and women)