Table 2.
Optimal conditions of production of carotenoids by selected microalgae.
| Carotenoid | Microalga source | Processing conditions | Reactor configuration | Productivity | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-carotene | Dunaliella salina |
T: 25 °C; pH: 7.5 ± 0.5; LI: 281 ± 89 μmolphoton m–2 s–1; SR: 38 cms–1 s–1 |
Semi-continuous outdoor, closed tubular (55 L) | Biomass: 2 g m–2 d–1 Total carotenoids: 102.5 ± 33.1 mg m–2 d–1 (β-carotene: 10% of biomass) |
[42] |
|
T: 30 °C; pH: 7.5; LI: 200–1200 μmolphoton m–2 s–1; SR: 0.6 L min–1 (N2) |
Continuous turbidostat, flat-panel (2.5 L) | β-Carotene: 13.5 mg L–1 d–1 (15.0 pg cell–1) |
[43] | ||
|
T: 30 °C; pH: 7.5; LI: 200–1200 μmolphoton m–2 s–1; SR: 0.286 Lsolvent L–1 min–1 (organic solvent) |
Continuous turbidostat, flat-panel (1.9 L) with in situ extraction | β-Carotene: 0.7 mg L–1 d–1 β-Carotene: 8.3 mg L–1 d–1 (8.9 pg cell–1) |
|||
| Lutein | Muriellopsis sp. |
T: 28 °C; pH 6.5; LI: 460 μmolphoton m–2 s–1 |
Batch (0.2 L, 4–7 d) | Lutein content: 5.5 mg g–1 L–1 d–1 Lutein: 0.8–1.4 mg L–1 d–1 |
[44] |
|
T: 28 °C; pH: 7; LI: continuous 200 μmolphoton m–2 s–1; AF: 50–100 L–1 h–1 (1 %, v/v CO2) |
Continuous outdoor, tubular (55 L) | Biomass: 7.2 mg L–1 d–1 Lutein: 5.5 mg g–1 L–1 d–1 |
[44] | ||
| - | Semicontinuous outdoor, open tank (100 L) | Biomass: 100 mg m–2 d–1 Lutein: 100 mg g–1 L–1 d–1 |
[42] | ||
| Scenedesmus almeriensis |
T: 30 °C; pH: 8.0; LImax: 1700 μE m–2 s–1; AF: 0.5 (v/v)/min–2 s–1; LDC: solar cycle |
Continuous (2 L) | Lutein: 4.9 mg L–1 d–1 | [8] | |
| T: 35 °C; LI: 1900 μE m–2 s–1 | Continuous outdoor, tubular | Lutein: 5.31 mg m–2 d –1 | [45] | ||
| Chlorella protothecoides |
T: 28 °C; pH: 6.5; LI: absence of light; MM: heterotrophic |
Batch (16 L) | Lutein: 10 mg L–1 d–1 | [46] | |
| Chlorella zofingiensis |
T: 28 °C; pH: 7; LI: 200 μmolphoton m–2 s–1; AF: 50–100 L–1 h–1 (1%, v/v CO2) LDC: continuous light |
Batch (0.2 L) | Lutein: 3.4 mg L–1 d–1 | [44] | |
| Chlorococcum citriforme | Lutein: 1.05 mg L–1 h–1 | ||||
| Neospongiococc us gelatinosum | Lutein: 0.70 mg L–1 h–1 | ||||
| Astaxanthin | C. zofingiensis |
T: 30 °C; pH: 6.5; LI: darkness; SR: 130 rpm; MM: heterothrophic |
Batch (250 mL) | Astaxanthin:10.3 mg L−1 | [47] |
| Haematococcu s pluvialis | LI: day light cycle | Continuous chemostat, tubular (50 L) | Biomass: 0.7 g L−1d−1 Astaxanthin: 8.0 mg L−1d−1 |
[48] | |
| T: 28 °C; LI: 345 μmolphoton m−2 s−1 | Batch (1 L) | Astaxanthin content: 98 mg g−1biomass | [49] | ||
|
T: 15–25 °C; LImax: 2000 μmolphoton m−2 s−1 |
Enclosed outdoor (25,000 L) | Biomass: 90 g m−2 Astaxanthin: 13 g m−2 d−1 |
[39] |
AF: air flow; LDC: light/dark cycle; LI: light irradiance; MM: metabolic mode; SR: stirring rate; T: temperature.