Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate odds ratios for the relationship of happiness with demographic characteristics, perceived stress and health behaviour
| Variables | Variable categories | % happy | Unadjusted (univariate) | Adjusted (multivariate) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p | Odds ratio (95% CI)* | p | |||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Gender | Male (= ref) | 29.80 | ||||
| Female | 31.90 | 1.10 (0.96-1.28) | 0.18 | 1.32 (1.12-1.55) | 0.00 | |
| Age | 17-19 (= ref) | 32.70 | ||||
| 20-24 | 28.80 | 0.83 (0.72-0.96) | 0.01 | 0.84 (0.72-0.98) | 0.03 | |
| Nutrition | ||||||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Underweight(= ref) | 33.30 | 0.14 | |||
| Normal weight | 31.30 | 0.91 (0.61-1.37) | 0.06 | |||
| Overweight | 31.40 | 0.91 (0.59-1.41) | 0.69 | |||
| Obese | 17.90 | 0.44 (0.21-0.91) | 0.03 | |||
| No obese | 31.40 | |||||
| Obese | 17.90 | 0.48 (0.25-0.89) | 0.02 | |||
| Daily breakfast | No always (= ref) | 27.30 | ||||
| Always | 34.10 | 1.38 (1.19-1.59) | 0.00 | |||
| Daily lunch | No always (= ref) | 25.70 | ||||
| Always | 33.50 | 1.46 (1.25-1.70) | 0.00 | 1.40 (1.18-1.66) | 0.00 | |
| Daily fruits and vegetables | No always (= ref) | 26.20 | ||||
| Always | 34.30 | 1.47 (1.27-1.70) | 0.00 | 1.34 (1.14-1.58) | 0.00 | |
| Daily physical activity | No always (= ref) | 29.00 | ||||
| Always | 34.80 | 1.30 (1.12-1.53) | 0.00 | 1.33 (1.12-1.58) | 0.00 | |
| Stress | ||||||
| Ordinary circumstances | No (= ref) | 36.50 | ||||
| Yes | 27.20 | 0.65 (0.56-0.75) | 0.00 | 0.73 (0.61-0.87) | 0.00 | |
| Exam/test periods | No (= ref) | 36.30 | ||||
| Yes | 27.90 | 0.68 (0.58-0.79) | 0.00 | 0.82 (0.68-0.99) | 0.04 | |
| Drug use | ||||||
| Tobacco | No (= ref) | 29.60 | ||||
| Yes | 32.10 | 1.12 (0.97-1.30) | 0.11 | 1.20 (1.03-1.40) | 0.02 | |
| Alcohol | No (= ref) | 29.60 | ||||
| Yes | 30.90 | 1.07 (0.88-1.30) | 0.52 | |||
| Prescriptive tranquillizers | No (= ref) | 31.70 | ||||
| Yes | 22.40 | 0.62 (0.48-0.80) | 0.00 | 0.62 (0.50-0.85) | 0.00 | |
| Modafinil (i.e., Mentix) | No (= ref) | 30.90 | ||||
| Yes | 30.10 | 0.96 (0.68-1.36) | 0.83 | |||
| Inhalants | No (= ref) | 30.80 | ||||
| Yes | 26.10 | .79 (.41-1.53) | 0.49 | |||
| Marihuana | No (= ref) | 30.20 | ||||
| Yes | 32.50 | 1.12 (0.95-1.32) | 0.19 | |||
| Cocaine | No (= ref) | 30.80 | ||||
| Yes | 30.60 | 0.99 (0.58-1.71) | 0.98 | |||
| Unprescriptive tranquilizers | No (= ref) | 31.10 | ||||
| Yes | 21.90 | 0.62 (0.41-0.94) | 0.02 | |||
| Unprescriptive analgesics | No (= ref) | 31.10 | ||||
| Yes | 26.50 | 0.80 (0.59-1.08) | 0.15 | |||
| Unprescriptive amphetamines | No (= ref) | 30.90 | ||||
| Yes | 20.40 | 0.57 (0.29-1.11) | 0.10 | |||
| Other drugs < 1% (heroine, hallucinogens, ecstasy) | No (= ref) | 30.50 | ||||
| Yes | 30.00 | 1.52 (0.86-2.68) | 0.15 | |||
| Number of "illegal" drugs (range = 1-11) | 0 | 31.10 | ||||
| 1 | 30.20 | 0.96 (0.81-1.13) | 0.22 | |||
| 2 | 31.90 | 1.03 (0.76-1.41) | 0.30 | |||
| 3 | 24.30 | 0.71 (0.41-1.23) | 0.23 | |||
* Method: Forward LR (they were just entered significant variables; variables not included in the final model were the following: age, physical activity, marihuana, tranquilizers without prescription, and analgesics without prescription.