Table 3.

Logistic regression models of spanking behavior on maternal characteristics (N = 2790).

Independent variables	Models
	Bivariate		Full multivariate1		Final multivariate2
	Odds ratio	p-value	Odds ratio	p-value	Odds ratio	p-value
Age of child, months	1.24	<0.001***	1.23	<0.001***	1.27	<0.001***
Sex of child (girl Ref)	1.22	0.04*	1.27	0.06	1.27	0.05*
Maternal age, years	0.98	0.03*	0.96	0.001***	0.95	<0.001***
Marital status (married as reference)	0.97	0.79	0.80	0.23	–	–
EDUCATIONAL STATUS
Less than HS (Ref)	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–
HS grad/some college	1.14	0.04*	1.33	0.27	1.32	0.28
College graduate	1.31	0.09	1.79	0.05*	1.65	0.06
ETHNICITY
Black	0.73	0.03*	0.57	0.01**	0.60	0.01**
Asian	0.83	0.59	0.78	0.64	0.75	0.56
Hispanic	0.57	0.02*	0.25	<0.001***	0.25	<0.001***
White (Ref)	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–
Native American	1.40	0.66	1.25	0.65	1.29	0.59
Other	1.99	0.57	1.66	0.56	1.46	0.67
INCOME LEVEL
<$40,000 (Ref)	1.00	–	1.00	–	–	–
$40–80,000	1.29	0.03*	0.80	0.19	–	–
$80,000+	1.00	0.48	1.09	0.64	–	–

*p < 0.05.

**p < 0.01.

***p < 0.001.

¹Full model from survey-weighted logistic regression controlling for all other demographic variables in table.

²Reduced model maintains all demographic variables with p-value > 0.1 (in the case of categorical variables, all variables maintained in model).