Table 1.
Major adipocytokines and their functions
| Adipokine | Physiological effects | Reference |
| Leptin | Reduces energy intake and increases expenditure, angiogenesis, and hematopoiesis, immune functions | (130) |
| Adiponectin | Improves insulin sensitivity, antiinflammatory, antiatherogenic, promotes fatty acid oxidation | (131) |
| Resistin | Promotes insulin resistance | (132) |
| Angiotensin-II/angiotensinogen | Vasoconstriction, sodium and water retention, increases blood pressure, proinflammatory, promotes insulin resistance and induces lipogenesis | (133–135) |
| MCP-1 | Promotes macrophage infiltration and insulin resistance, proinflammatory, chemotaxic | (136,137) |
| TNFα | Proinflammatory, promotes insulin resistance | (72) |
| PAI-1 | Prothrombotic, proinflammatory | (138) |
| IL-6 | Proinflammatory | (139) |
| IL-10 | Antiinflammatory | (140) |
| Visfatin | Insulin-mimetic actions, cell proliferation | (141) |
| Apelin | Promotes glucose uptake, angiogenesis | (142) |
| Retinol-binding protein-4 | Promotes insulin resistance | (143) |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor | Angiogenesis | (144) |
| Nerve growth factor | Neuronal development | (145) |
| IL-1 | Proinflammatory | (146) |
| IL-1 receptor antagonist | Antiinflammatory | (146) |
| Vaspin | Insulin-sensitizing effects | (147) |
| Omentin | Regulates insulin action | (148) |
| Neuropeptide Y | Energy homeostasis, proliferation of preadipocytes | (149) |
| Hepcidin | Proinflammatory | (150) |
| IL-8 | Proinflammatory, chemotaxic | (151) |
| IL-18 | Proinflammatory | (152) |
| Thrombospondin-1 | Proinflammatory | (153) |
| Serum amyloid A | Proinflammatory, lipolytic | (154) |
| Chemerin | Impairs glucose tolerance | (155) |