Table 2.

Examples of the current pipeline of pre-clinical AIDS vaccines being studied in Asia

Vaccine vector	Immunity induced	Comment	Institution	References
Novel DNA vaccine vector	T and B cell immunity	Reduced DNA dose, enhanced immunogenicity	China CDC	[17]
Modified Tiantan vaccina	T-cell immunity, antibodies	Mucosal delivery with potentially less adverse effects compared to wild type Tiantan sp.	HK Univ., Tsinghua Univ., Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Univ. Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China CDC	[18, 19]
CD40 ligand-expressing vaccines	Enhanced T- and B-cell immunity	Likely to improve durability of immunity.	University of Toronto	[20]
Envelope trimers	Neutralizing antibodies	Use of primary isolates may enhance antibody responses.	University of Melbourne	[21]
Peptides within particle-based vaccines	Durable T-cell immunity	Overlapping peptides induce broad T-cell immunity. Encapsulating peptides inside nanoparticles may permit durable immunity.	University of Melbourne	[22,23]
BCG vectors	T-cell and antibodies	Widely used vaccine vector with good safety record.	Osaka University	[24]
Influenza vectors	Mucosal T-cell immunity	Attenuated influenza strains with inserted HIV antigens could induce good pan-mucosal immunity.	University of Melbourne	[25]
Sendai virus vectors (alone or in prime-boost regimens)	Mucosal immunity	Attenuated parainfluenza virus vector could induce good pan-mucosal immunity.	The University of Tokyo/ DNAVEC Corporation/ China CDC	[26,27]