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A strong proinflammatory response was induced by VTRS1 but not S1330. VTRS1 induced significantly more TNF-α (A) and IL-1β (B) in infected J774.A1 macrophages at later time points (hours postinfection) than S1330. The units for the y-axis of panels A and B are nanograms per milliliter. (C) VTRS1-induced macrophage cell death significantly decreased with anti-TNF-α antibody treatment (P value < 0.01). The results are representative of three independent experiments.
