Table 4.

Association between couple relationship characteristics and maternal drinking during pregnancy (N = 166)

Relationship variable	Modela	Light drinkers/abstainers (n = 80) M (SD/SE)	Risky drinkers around conception, quit in pregnancy (n = 43) M (SD/SE)	Continuing drinkers last 2 weeks (n = 43) M (SD/SE)	pa
Satisfaction with the relationshipb	Unadjusted	3.91 (0.60)	3.74 (0.82)	3.35 (0.48)	<.001
	Adjusted	4.01 (0.10)	3.84(0.10)	3.54(0.11)	.001
Ability to discuss problems with partnerc
	Unadjusted	3.95 (0.57)	3.70(0.91)	3.40 (0.69)	<.001
	Adjusted	3.91 (0.11)	3.74(0.11)	3.56(0.12)	.032
Problem resolution with partnerd	Unadjusted	3.37 (0.77)	3.05(1.11)	2.79 (0.89)	.003
	Adjusted	3.20(0.14)	2.99(0.15)	2.83(0.16)	.111

Notes:

^aUnadjusted means, standard deviations and p value using analysis of variance; adjusted means, standard errors, and p value using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA); each ANCOVA model is adjusted for maternal age, gravidity, pregnancy planning, and family socioeconomic status.

^bWomen were asked to report how happy they are with their relationship on a 1–5 scale, with 1 being extremely unhappy and 5 being extremely happy.

^cWomen were asked to report how easy it is for them to talk about their feelings or problems with their partner on a 1—5 scale, with 1 being very difficult and 5 being very easy.

^dWomen were asked to report how often they quarrel with their partner, with 1 being we don't only quarrel, we also have physical fights and 4 being we almost always solve disagreements without quarreling.