Table 1.

Summary of Task, System Elements, and Outcomes of Stroke Walking Rehabilitation Studies

Study (first author)	Task	System	Outcomes
Jaffe12	Walking over virtual obstacles	Used head-mounted displays to show a sagittal view of stepping, a treadmill and harness for support, a vibrotactile shoe insert, and afoot with a reflective marker tracked using a camera	Improved speed of walking and obstacle course navigation compared to a group that performed the task in real world
Deutsch13 Mirelman17	Navigation through targets by a virtual plane or boat, using the foot as a controller	Subjects sat with their affected foot in a haptic six-degree-of-freedom robotic lower extremity device interfaced into a VE displayed on a desktop computer	Training with the robotic device interfaced with the VE resulted in improved walking speed, distance, and ankle kinetics compared to training with the robot alone
You14 Kim19	Skiing, avoiding sharks, and stepping games	Motion-capture system tracked the users' movement	Walking category improved relative to a no-treatment control group, and functional brain imaging changes consistent with plasticity
Fung15	Walking in a corridor and avoiding obstacles	VE displayed on a rear-projected screen while subjects walked on a self-paced treadmill mounted on a six-degree-of-freedom actuated platform with electromagnetic tracking	Feasible for two persons post-stroke to walk in the VE and avoid obstacles
Yang16	Walking in park, lane, and street crossing and over obstacles	VE displayed on three large screens while subjects walked on treadmill and had their feet tracked	Walking speeds improved compared to a control group that walked on the treadmill without the VE
Walker18	Walking in a street scene	VE displayed on a television while subjects walked on treadmill with an unweighted harness and had their head motion tracked	Walking speed improved compared to baseline