Table 1.

Categories of new therapies in castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Category	Examples
Targeting the androgen receptor	Androgen depleting agents: i.e. abiraterone (inhibitors of 17,20 lyase) New antiandrogens: MDV 3100 (preventing nuclear translocation  and DNA binding of androgen receptor)
New chemotherapeutic agents	Satraplatin, epothilones
Differentiating agents	Vitamin D analogs (calcitriol)
Targeting growth factors/receptors pathways	Proliferative pathways: HER2, PI3K/Akt, mTOR, IGF Angiogenesis pathway: bevacizumab, lenolidamide,  tyrosine kinase inhibitors (sunitinib, sorafenib) Apoptosis pathway: Bcl-2 antisense (oblimersen)
Active and passive immunotherapy	GM-CSF, sipuleucel-T, ipilumumab Prostvac®, GVAX®
Targeting epigenetics	Histone deacetylase inhibitors, antisense clusterin
Targeting the bone	Bisphosphonates, RANKL inhibitors, atrasentan, src family inhibitors,  radiopharmaceuticals

Akt, protein kinase B; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; RANKL, receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand.