Fig. 3.

Effect of autophagy modulators on Delta-24-RGD-induced autophagy and cell lysis in U-87 MG cells. Cells were infected with Delta-24-RGD at 10 PFU/cell. Twenty-four hours later, cells were treated with 5 mM 3-methyladenine (3-MA; A, B, and C) or 10 nM bafilomycin A1 (BA1; D and E); alternatively, 3 h later cells were treated with 1 μM rapamycin (Rapa; F and G). Forty-eight hours after viral infection, cells were assayed for acidic vesicle organelles (AVO); alternatively, at 72 h postinfection, cells were assayed for cell lysis. P values are indicated by asterisks as follows: 0.001 (A), 0.008 (B), 0.0007 (C), 0.005 (D), 0.07 (E), 0.009 (F), and 0.02 (G). Note that cell lysis in panels B, E, and G was assayed with ethidium homodimer 1 staining, and cells in panel C were assayed for cell lysis with trypan blue staining. Three independent experiments were performed. Data are shown as means ± SD. D24-RGD, Delta-24-RGD. H₂O, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or ethanol was used as a solvent for the 3-MA, BA1, or rapamycin, respectively.