Fig. 8.

Innate host responses to SARS-CoV infection in African green monkeys and macaques. (A to C) Gene expression profiles showing differentially expressed genes involved in development of ARDS (A), NF-κB target genes (B), and cytokine/chemokine genes (C) of African green monkeys and macaques compared to their PBS controls and from the direct contrast of SARS-CoV-infected African green monkeys and macaques (AGM-Mac). Gene sets were obtained from the Ingenuity Pathways Knowledge Base and were changed ≥2-fold (absolute) in at least one of the African green monkey or macaque groups compared to their respective PBS-infected controls. The data presented are error-weighted fold change averages for four animals per group. The genes shown in red were upregulated, those in green were downregulated, and those in gray were not significantly differentially expressed in infected animals relative to PBS-infected animals (log [base 2]-transformed expression values; the minimum and maximum values of the color range were −4 and 4). The gene accession numbers are available in Table S1 in the supplemental material.