Figure 9.

Proposed model for RhoA signaling to the c-jun promoter. Activated RhoA can initiate a signaling pathway inducing ERK6, which in turn activates MEF2A and ATF2 transcription factors bound to the jAP1 and MEF2 sites on the c-jun promoter, thereby enhancing c-jun expression. Available data suggest that Rho A, PKN, MKK3/MKK6, and ERK6 (p38γ) are components of a novel signal transduction pathway involved in the regulation of gene expression and cellular transformation. Parallel pathways are depicted and described in the text. Unknown molecules are indicated by question marks.