Table 1.
Baseline characteristics (Framingham Heart Study)
| Cases (n=189) |
Matched Controls (n=189) |
Random cohort (n=400) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Age, years | 56 ± 9 | 57 ± 8 | 55 ± 9 |
| Women, % | 42% | 42% | 58% |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.5 ± 5.0 | 30.0 ± 5.5 | 26.8 ± 4.6 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 102.3 ± 12.1 | 99.6 ± 13.5 | 90.8 ± 13.8 |
| Hypertension, % | 53% | 53% | 27% |
| Parental history of diabetes*, % | 31% | 18% | 21% |
| Physical activity index | 35 ± 6.2 | 35 ± 7.3 | 35 ± 6.0 |
| Total caloric intake, kcal | 1,982 ± 660 | 1,866 ± 600 | 1854 ± 581 |
| Total protein intake, g | 82 ± 28 | 78 ± 28 | 76 ± 26 |
| Phenylalanine intake, g | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 1.1 |
| Tyrosine intake, g | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.0 |
| Leucine intake, g | 6.5 ± 2.2 | 6.1 ± 2.3 | 6.0 ± 2.1 |
| Isoleucine intake, g | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 3.6 ± 1.3 |
| Valine intake, g | 4.3 ± 1.5 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 4.0 ± 1.4 |
| Other laboratory tests | |||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 105 ± 9 | 105 ± 9 | 94 ± 9 |
| 2-hour glucose (OGTT), mg/dl | 126 ± 32 | 118 ± 30 | 103 ± 27 |
| Serum triglycerides, mg/dl | 192 ± 114 | 151 ± 90 | 138 ± 93 |
| Fasting insulin, uU/ml | 13.7 ± 9.9 | 11.9 ± 8.8 | 8.1 ± 7.2 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.5 ± 2.6 | 3.1 ± 2.3 | 1.9 ± 1.8 |
| HOMA-B | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 1.8 ± 1.5 |
Values are mean ± SD, or percentage.
*
Parental history information missing in 57 participants. HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. HOMA-B: homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function. OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test.