Table 2.
Relation of baseline amino acid levels to risk of future diabetes (Framingham Heart Study)
| Model | Isoleucine | Leucine | Valine | Tyrosine | Phenylalanine | Isoleucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Models adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and fasting glucose (n=378) | ||||||
| Metabolite as continuous variable | ||||||
| Per SD | 1.70 (1.27-2.28) | 1.62 (1.20-2.17) | 1.57 (1.17-2.09) | 1.85 (1.35-2.55) | 2.02 (1.40-2.92) | 2.42 (1.66-3.54) |
| P | 0.0004 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 |
| Metabolite as categorical variable | ||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| 2nd quartile | 1.11 (0.58-2.10) | 2.40 (1.24-4.68) | 1.49 (0.75-2.94) | 1.89 (0.94-3.81) | 1.39 (0.74-2.59) | 3.48 (1.68-7.23) |
| 3rd quartile | 2.14 (1.07-4.27) | 3.15 (1.46-6.84) | 2.15 (1.05-4.42) | 3.26 (1.56-6.84) | 2.12 (1.04-4.32) | 2.82 (1.25-6.34) |
| 4th quartile | 3.14 (1.51-6.55) | 3.66 (1.61-8.29) | 3.14 (1.43-6.86) | 2.82 (1.25-6.34) | 2.28 (1.00-5.20) | 5.99 (2.34-15.34) |
| P for trend | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.035 | 0.0009 |
| Models adjusting for age, sex, BMI, fasting glucose, and parental history (n=272) | ||||||
| Metabolite as continuous variable | ||||||
| Per SD | 1.70 (1.19-2.44) | 1.67 (1.16-2.40) | 1.54 (1.07-2.22) | 2.02 (1.34-3.05) | 2.01 (1.29-3.12) | 2.62 (1.61-4.28) |
| P | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.02 | 0.0008 | 0.002 | 0.0001 |
| Metabolite as categorical variable | ||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| 2nd quartile | 0.92 (0.41-2.09) | 1.95 (0.84-4.52) | 0.94 (0.39-2.29) | 1.64 (0.71-3.79) | 1.39 (0.64-2.99) | 4.60 (1.72-12.32) |
| 3rd quartile | 1.62 (0.68-3.85) | 2.99 (1.13-7.90) | 1.89 (0.78-4.56) | 3.26 (1.29-8.24) | 2.07 (0.84-5.08) | 3.69 (1.16-11.78) |
| 4th quartile | 2.98 (1.21-7.38) | 4.12 (1.51-11.30) | 2.85 (1.06-7.65) | 2.91 (1.03-8.25) | 2.10 (0.76-5.78) | 7.60 (2.14-27.07) |
| P for trend | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.034 | 0.134 | 0.007 |
Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for diabetes, from conditional logistic regressions. All models are adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and fasting glucose. The amino acid combination is modeled according to the formula β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3, with Xj denoting the standardized value for the jth amino acid, and βj denoting the regression coefficient from the regression model containing the indicated metabolites.