. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jun 29.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2011 Mar 20;17(4):448–453. doi: 10.1038/nm.2307

Table 3.

Relation of individual amino acid levels to risk of future diabetes, with adjustment for insulin measures

Model	Isoleucine	Leucine	Valine	Tyrosine	Phenylalanine
	Adjusted odds ratios, per SD increment in metabolite (95% confidence interval)
Basic model	1.70 (1.27-2.28)	1.62 (1.20-2.17)	1.57 (1.17-2.09)	1.85 (1.35-2.55)	2.02 (1.40-2.92)
+ fasting insulin	1.65 (1.23-2.23)	1.58 (1.17-2.12)	1.52 (1.13-2.04)	1.81 (1.31-2.50)	2.00 (1.38-2.89)
+ HOMA-IR	1.65 (1.23-2.23)	1.58 (1.17-2.12)	1.52 (1.13-2.04)	1.81 (1.31-2.50)	2.00 (1.39-2.89)
+ HOMA-B	1.65 (1.23-2.23)	1.58 (1.17-2.12)	1.52 (1.13-2.04)	1.81 (1.31-2.50)	2.00 (1.38-2.88)
+ OGTT (2-hr glucose)	1.60 (1.18-2.17)	1.53 (1.13-2.06)	1.49 (1.11-2.00)	1.79 (1.30-2.47)	1.98 (1.37-2.86)

Basic model: age, sex, body mass index, fasting glucose. Subsequent models include the basic clinical variables plus the insulin resistance/sensitivity measure shown. HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function. OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test.