TABLE 4.
Peak change from baseline analysis
Numbers shown are mean (S.E.M.) peak maximum change from baseline for each dose condition, with the exception of pupils that show mean (S.E.M.) nadir maximum change from baseline (n = 8).
| F | Placebo | HM (mg) |
MPH (mg) |
Tramadol (mg) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 8 | 30 | 60 | 50 | 100 | 200 | 400 | |||
| VAS | ||||||||||
| Similar to placebo | 2.1 | 100.0 (0.0) | 50.0 (18.9) | 40.1 (16.7) | 56.3 (17.5) | 62.5 (18.3) | 87.5 (12.5) | 75.0 (16.4) | 83.9 (12.5) | 69.0 (16.2) |
| Similar to HM | 9.4** | 0.0 (0.0) | 86.9 (12.4)a | 100.0 (0.0)a | 12.5 (12.5) | 13.4 (12.4) | 12.5 (12.5)b,c | 25.0 (16.4)b,c | 72.0 (14.5)a,d,e | 46.0 (16.6) |
| Similar to MPH | 47.3** | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 100.0 (0.0)a | 100.0 (0.0)a | 0.0 (0.0)d,e | 4.5 (4.5)d,e | 19.5 (12.9)d,e | 12.8 (12.5)d,e |
| Similar to opioid | 8.9** | 0.0 (0.0) | 62.9 (15.9)a | 85.3 (9.9)a | 12.5 (12.5) | 7.4 (6.4) | 12.5 (12.5)b,c | 7.4 (5.3)b,c | 50.0 (14.9)a | 37.8 (14.8)c |
| Similar to stimulant | 21.1** | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.9) | 79.9 (13.4)a | 85.5 (9.5)a | 0.0 (0.0)d,e | 0.0 (0.0)d,e | 18.3 (12.7)d,e | 13.1 (12.4)d,e |
| Like | 4.4** | 0.0 (0.0) | 29.0 (11.1) | 44.1 (11.8)a | 11.3 (4.2) | 23.3 (7.0) | 1.3 (1.3)c | 6.1 (4.9)c | 14.9 (8.3) | 23.8 (11.8) |
| Bad effects | 3.6* | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.1) | 20.6 (12.0) | 26.0 (11.7)a | 0.0 (0.0)e | 0.0 (0.0)e | 2.3 (1.2) | 3.1 (2.5) |
| Good effects | 5.3** | 0.0 (0.0) | 24.3 (8.3) | 47.5 (11.9)a | 13.0 (4.6) | 24.5 (6.2) | 0.4 (0.4)c | 7.1 (5.4)c | 13.6 (8.2)c | 20.4 (10.8) |
| High | 4.7** | 0.0 (0.0) | 19.8 (5.8) | 29.0 (6.5)a | 22.1 (9.1) | 37.1 (9.7)a | 0.4 (0.4)c,e | 5.8 (3.5)e | 10.5 (4.6) | 17.6 (7.6) |
| Drug effect | 5.0** | 0.0 (0.0) | 18.8 (5.2) | 31.6 (6.4)a | 25.8 (9.5) | 42.9 (10.0)a | 0.4 (0.4)c,e | 4.4 (3.0)e | 18.6 (7.5) | 19.4 (8.2) |
| Subject Adjectives | ||||||||||
| Opioid agonist scale | 2.3* | 1.4 (0.7) | 2.9 (1.0) | 4.8 (2.1) | 2.1 (0.5) | 3.4 (1.2) | 0.4 (0.4)c | 1.6 (0.7) | 2.1 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.8) |
| Stimulant scale | 8.6** | 1.4 (0.8) | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.6 (1.2) | 8.0 (1.6)a | 10.6 (2.3)a | 0.6 (0.4)d,e | 0.9 (0.5)d,e | 4.9 (2.0)e | 6.9 (2.1)a |
| Pupil diameter | 2.2* | −0.5 (0.2) | −1.2 (0.2) | −1.9 (0.2)a | −0.6 (0.3) | −0.3 (0.2) | −0.5 (0.1)c | −0.2 (0.1)b,c | −0.8 (0.3)c | −0.8 (0.3)c |
*
p < 0.05, df (8, 56).
**
p < 0.001, df (8, 56).
a
p < 0.05 vs. placebo.
b
p < 0.05 vs. 4 mg HM.
c
p < 0.05 vs. 8 mg HM.
d
p < 0.05 vs. 30 mg MPH.
e
p < 0.05 vs. 60 mg MPH.