Table 2. Relative contribution of demographic processes to population growth rates λ of experimental snowbed plant populations of the northeastern Calcareous Alps (Austria).

	negative growth	survival	positive growth	fecundity
Achillea atrata	0.163	0.642	0.189	0.006
Achillea clusiana	0.139	0.685	0.169	0.007
Arabis caerulea	0.181	0.614	0.198	0.006
Gnaphalium hoppeanum	0.128	0.619	0.228	0.025

Values represent elasticities, which were standardized following [42].

The sum of the elasticity values equals one for each species.