Table 2.

Causes of rickets and osteomalacia from vitamin D inadequacy [31, 32]

Inadequate vitamin D absorption

Inadequate vitamin D intake from diet

Insufficient sunlight exposure

Malabsorption

Inflammatory bowel disease

Celiac disease

Bariatric surgery

Impaired vitamin D synthesis

1 α-hydroxylase deficiency (Type 1-dependent rickets)

Chronic liver disease

Chronic renal failure

Vitamin D resistance

End organ insensitivity (Type 2-dependent rickets)

Drugs affecting vitamin D metabolism

Phenytoin

Phenobarbital

Carbamazepine

Primidone