TABLE 2.
Twelve-month intervention effects of diet, exercise, and diet + exercise on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in overweight and obese postmenopausal women1
| Control (n = 87) |
Exercise (n = 117) |
Diet (n = 118) |
Diet + exercise (n = 116) |
||||||||||||
| Baseline | 12 mo | Change2 | Baseline | 12 mo | Change2 | P3 | Baseline | 12 mo | Change2 | P3 | Baseline | 12 mo | Change2 | P3 | |
| ng/mL | ng/mL | ng/mL | ng/mL | ||||||||||||
| Serum 25(OH)D | 20.5 (18.6, 22.7)4 | 22.7 (20.5, 25.2) | 2.2 ± 10.7 | 19.8(18.3, 21.5) | 21.5(19.6, 23.5) | 1.7 ± 8.6 | 0.75 | 20.3(18.8, 21.9) | 23.1(21.4, 25.0) | 2.8 ± 13.8 | 0.44 | 22.0(20.5, 23.6) | 25.8(21.3, 27.8) | 3.8 ± 17.3 | 0.20 |
Missing 12-mo serum data were imputed by using the last observation carried forward method; changes in dietary and supplement intakes used all available data, without imputation for missing values.
Values are means ± SDs.
A general estimating equation model was used for the comparison of changes from baseline between the control and intervention groups, adjusted for race-ethnicity (white, other), season of random assignment (December–February, March–May, June–August, and September–November), and total (diet + supplement) vitamin D intake.
Geometric mean; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).