TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study participants by quintile of total fruit and vegetable intake1
| Quintile of total fruit and vegetable intake |
|||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| Women (SWHS) | |||||
| Median intake (g/d) | 239 | 387 | 514 | 664 | 930 |
| No. of subjects | 14,672 | 14,672 | 14,672 | 14,672 | 14,672 |
| Age (y) | 55.5 ± 9.72 | 52.9 ± 9.2 | 52.0 ± 8.8 | 51.4 ± 8.6 | 50.8 ± 8.2 |
| Educational level (%) | |||||
| ≤Elementary school | 38.0 | 23.0 | 18.1 | 15.2 | 12.7 |
| Middle school | 33.9 | 37.8 | 37.8 | 37.8 | 38.6 |
| High school | 19.4 | 26.7 | 29.2 | 31.5 | 32.9 |
| ≥College | 8.6 | 12.5 | 15.0 | 15.6 | 15.9 |
| Occupation (%) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agricultural workers | 58.5 | 51.5 | 48.8 | 47.8 | 46.7 |
| Clerical and service workers | 20.8 | 20.8 | 20.8 | 20.2 | 21.5 |
| Professionals, administrators | 20.7 | 27.7 | 30.5 | 32.0 | 31.8 |
| Annual family income (%) | |||||
| <10,000 yuan | 21.6 | 16.5 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.4 |
| 10,000–19,999 yuan | 40.5 | 39.2 | 38.4 | 36.8 | 36.3 |
| 20,000–29,999 yuan | 25.3 | 28.1 | 29.1 | 29.5 | 28.5 |
| ≥30,000 yuan | 12.5 | 16.3 | 18.5 | 19.7 | 20.8 |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | 5.2 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.1 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.6 |
| Multivitamin supplement use (%) | 4.5 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 9.1 |
| Hormone therapy (%) | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.6 | 23.9 ± 3.5 | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 24.3 ± 3.3 |
| Regular exercise (h/wk) | 1.7 ± 3.4 | 1.8 ± 3.4 | 2.0 ± 3.6 | 2.1 ± 3.7 | 2.4 ± 4.2 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1450 ± 340 | 1578 ± 339 | 1657 ± 338 | 1751 ± 360 | 1932 ± 413 |
| Saturated fat intake (g/d) | 6.5 ± 3.5 | 7.8 ± 3.6 | 8.6 ± 3.8 | 9.4 ± 4.1 | 10.6 ± 4.7 |
| Men (SMHS) | |||||
| Median intake (g/d) | 214 | 340 | 450 | 582 | 827 |
| No. of subjects | 12,287 | 12,288 | 12,286 | 12,288 | 12,287 |
| Age (y) | 56.0 ± 10.3 | 55.5 ± 9.8 | 55.4 ± 9.6 | 55.1 ± 9.5 | 54.9 ± 6.4 |
| Educational level (%) | |||||
| ≤Elementary school | 11.8 | 7.3 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 3.5 |
| Middle school | 38.2 | 35.4 | 33.7 | 31.1 | 29.3 |
| High school | 34.6 | 35.9 | 36.6 | 36.5 | 36.8 |
| ≥College | 15.4 | 21.5 | 23.8 | 27.4 | 30.3 |
| Occupation (%) | |||||
| Manufacturing and agricultural workers | 58.6 | 53.1 | 51.2 | 48.3 | 46.3 |
| Clerical and service workers | 21.2 | 22.0 | 21.7 | 22.3 | 22.5 |
| Professionals, administrators | 20.2 | 24.9 | 27.1 | 29.5 | 31.3 |
| Annual per capita family income (%) | |||||
| <6000 yuan | 17.4 | 12.9 | 12.0 | 10.3 | 10.3 |
| 6000–11,999 yuan | 47.1 | 44.2 | 42.4 | 41.2 | 38.0 |
| 12,000–23,999 yuan | 29.5 | 34.5 | 36.0 | 37.4 | 38.3 |
| ≥24,000 yuan | 6.0 | 8.4 | 9.6 | 11.1 | 13.4 |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | 78.9 | 71.9 | 69.0 | 65.5 | 62.7 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 40.0 | 35.3 | 32.4 | 30.3 | 30.6 |
| Multivitamin supplement use (%) | 5.1 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 8.9 | 10.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.1 | 23.6 ± 3.1 | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 23.9 ± 3.0 | 24.2 ± 3.0 |
| Regular exercise (h/wk) | 1.7 ± 3.7 | 1.9 ± 3.7 | 2.1 ± 3.9 | 2.4 ± 4.2 | 2.8 ± 4.5 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1650 ± 428 | 1791 ± 417 | 1894 ± 422 | 1996 ± 439 | 2204 ± 491 |
| Saturated fat intake (g/d) | 8.2 ± 4.5 | 9.3 ± 4.4 | 10.1 ± 4.5 | 11.1 ± 4.9 | 12.7 ± 5.7 |
1
SWHS, Shanghai Women's Health Study; SMHS, Shanghai Men's Health Study. All P for trend values <0.05, except for alcohol consumption in women (P = 0.47); the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used for categorical variables, and the general linear model was used for continuous variables.
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).