TABLE 3.
Multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) for cardiovascular disease mortality by quintile of fruit and vegetable intake
| Quintile of intake |
||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P for trend | |
| Total vegetables | ||||||
| Women | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 303 | 225 | 173 | 169 | 153 | |
| Multivariate HR1 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.05) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.04) | 0.06 |
| Men | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 220 | 139 | 112 | 69 | 95 | |
| Multivariate HR1 | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98) | 0.70 (0.55, 0.89) | 0.45 (0.34, 0.60) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.83) | <0.0001 |
| Pooled multivariate HR | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.71, 1.11) | 0.78 (0.65, 0.92) | 0.63 (0.33, 1.19) | 0.74 (0.57, 0.96) | 0.02 |
| Cruciferous vegetables | ||||||
| Women | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 255 | 205 | 202 | 181 | 180 | |
| Multivariate HR1 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.82 (0.68, 1.00) | 0.76 (0.62, 0.92) | 0.004 |
| Men | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 196 | 144 | 100 | 98 | 97 | |
| Multivariate HR1 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.73, 1.12) | 0.68 (0.53, 0.87) | 0.66 (0.52, 0.85) | 0.61 (0.47, 0.78) | <0.0001 |
| Pooled multivariate HR | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.11) | 0.75 (0.61, 0.92) | 0.69 (0.56, 0.85) | <0.0001 |
| Noncruciferous vegetables | ||||||
| Women | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 323 | 206 | 182 | 175 | 137 | |
| Multivariate HR1 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) | 0.90 (0.74, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.20) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) | 0.26 |
| Men | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 217 | 148 | 99 | 79 | 92 | |
| Multivariate HR1 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.71, 1.09) | 0.66 (0.52, 0.84) | 0.59 (0.45, 0.78) | 0.66 (0.50, 0.86) | 0.0004 |
| Pooled multivariate HR | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.78 (0.57, 1.05) | 0.77 (0.47, 1.27) | 0.76 (0.59, 0.97) | 0.09 |
| Total fruit | ||||||
| Women | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 419 | 192 | 174 | 125 | 113 | |
| Multivariate HR1 | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.64, 0.91) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.04) | 0.72 (0.58, 0.89) | 0.78 (0.62, 0.98) | 0.01 |
| Men | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 189 | 153 | 114 | 99 | 80 | |
| Multivariate HR1 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.76, 1.18) | 0.79 (0.61, 1.01) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.00) | 0.63 (0.48, 0.85) | 0.0008 |
| Pooled multivariate HR | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.68, 1.03) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.97) | 0.74 (0.63, 0.87) | 0.72 (0.59, 0.87) | 0.02 |
1
Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, education, occupation, family income, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, amount of regular exercise, multivitamin supplement use, intakes of total energy and saturated fat, menopausal status and hormone therapy use (for women only), and history of coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, or diabetes.