TABLE 5.
Changes in glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and insulin sensitivity by achieved intake in dietary components in Dietary Modification trial intervention participants at years 1, 3, and 61
| Glucose | Insulin | HOMA-IR | QUICKI | |
| mg/dL | μIU/mL | |||
| Change in measure estimate, baseline to year 1 | ||||
| No. of subjects | 2152 | 2152 | 2152 | 2152 |
| Total fat | ||||
| <19.6% of energy | −2.87 (−5.25, −0.49) | −1.54 (−2.22, −0.85) | −0.42 (−0.68, −0.17) | 0.007 (0.005, 0.010) |
| 19.6% to <24.4% of energy | −1.92 (−4.29, 0.45) | −0.58 (−1.26, 0.10) | −0.14 (−0.39, 0.11) | 0.004 (0.002, 0.007) |
| 24.4% to <30.0% of energy | −1.02 (−3.41, 1.37) | −0.55 (−1.24, 0.13) | −0.15 (−0.41, 0.10) | 0.002 (−0.001, 0.004) |
| ≥30.0% of energy | −0.16 (−2.56, 2.23) | −0.44 (−1.13, 0.25) | −0.16 (−0.41, 0.10) | 0.002 (−0.001, 0.004) |
| P for trend | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.0004 |
| Carbohydrate | ||||
| <52.4% of energy | 0.53 (−1.86, 2.92) | −0.39 (−1.08, 0.30) | −0.10 (−0.36, 0.15) | 0.002 (−0.001, 0.004) |
| 52.4% to <58.7% of energy | −2.12 (−4.50, 0.26) | −0.84 (−1.53, −0.16) | −0.27 (−0.53, −0.02) | 0.004 (0.001, 0.006) |
| 58.7% to <63.8% of energy | −1.50 (−3.88, 0.87) | −0.59 (−1.27, 0.10) | −0.16 (−0.41, 0.09) | 0.003 (0.000, 0.005) |
| ≥63.8% of energy | −2.87 (−5.24, −0.50) | −1.28 (−1.97, −0.60) | −0.34 (−0.59, −0.08) | 0.008 (0.005, 0.010) |
| P for trend | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.27 | 0.001 |
| Change in measure estimate, baseline to year 3 | ||||
| No. of subjects | 1377 | 1316 | 1315 | 1315 |
| Total fat | ||||
| <20.7% of energy | −4.38 (−7.69, −1.07) | −0.83 (−2.04, 0.39) | −0.41 (−0.85, 0.04) | 0.005 (0.001, 0.009) |
| 20.7% to <26.2% of energy | 0.05 (−3.25, 3.36) | −0.22 (−1.45, 1.00) | −0.11 (−0.55, 0.34) | 0.002 (−0.002, 0.006) |
| 26.2% to <32.1% of energy | −1.43 (−4.80, 1.93) | −0.39 (−1.61, 0.83) | −0.16 (−0.60, 0.28) | 0.005 (−0.002, 0.006) |
| ≥32.1% of energy | 2.79 (−0.56, 6.15) | 1.08 (−0.16, 2.31) | 0.28 (−0.16, 0.73) | −0.004 (−0.008, −0.000) |
| P for trend | 0.005 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate | ||||
| <50.5% of energy | 3.10 (−0.29, 6.49) | 0.22 (−1.03, 1.48) | 0.06 (−0.40, 0.52) | −0.002 (−0.006, 0.002) |
| 50.5% to <57.2% of energy | −0.29 (−3.62, 3.04) | 0.65 (−0.57, 1.86) | 0.11 (−0.33, 0.55) | −0.002 (−0.006, 0.002) |
| 57.2% to <63.1% of energy | −2.04 (−5.34, 1.26) | −0.50 (−1.71, 0.71) | −0.17 (−0.60, 0.27) | 0.004 (0.001, 0.008) |
| ≥63.1% of energy | −3.64 (−6.95, −0.34) | −0.73 (−1.95, 0.49) | −0.39 (−0.83, 0.05) | 0.004 (0.000, 0.008) |
| P for trend | 0.002 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.004 |
| Change in measure estimate, baseline to year 6 | ||||
| No. of subjects | 1528 | 1526 | 1525 | 1525 |
| Total fat | ||||
| <23.1% of energy | −1.89 (−5.55, 1.77) | −1.48 (−2.73, −0.24) | −0.38 (−0.83, 0.07) | 0.008 (0.003, 0.014) |
| 23.1% to <28.7% of energy | 0.33 (−3.27, 3.92) | 0.28 (−0.94, 1.51) | 0.06 (−0.38, 0.51) | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.004) |
| 28.7% to <33.9% of energy | −0.41 (−4.11, 3.29) | −0.52 (−1.78, 0.75) | −0.25 (−0.70, 0.21) | −0.002 (−0.008, 0.003) |
| ≥33.9% of energy | 0.76 (−3.13, 4.65) | −0.59 (−1.92, 0.73) | −0.03 (−0.51, 0.45) | 0.002 (−0.004, 0.007) |
| P for trend | 0.37 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.05 |
| Carbohydrate | ||||
| <47.9% of energy | 2.98 (−0.89, 6.84) | −0.15 (−1.47, 1.18) | 0.19 (−0.28, 0.67) | −0.002 (−0.008, 0.003) |
| 47.9% to <54.6% of energy | −1.63 (−5.33, 2.06) | −0.71 (−1.97, 0.56) | −0.34 (0.79, 0.12) | 0.002 (−0.004, 0.007) |
| 54.6% to <60.4% of energy | −0.54 (−4.15, 3.07) | −0.46 (−1.69, 0.78) | −0.16 (−0.60, 0.28) | −0.000 (−0.005, 0.005) |
| ≥60.4% of energy | −1.73 (−5.37, 1.90) | −0.92 (−2.16, 0.33) | −0.25 (−0.70, 0.19) | 0.007 (0.001, 0.012) |
| P for trend | 0.11 | 0.45 | 0.26 | 0.03 |
1
All values are means; 95% CI in parentheses. Values were adjusted for age at screening, race-ethnicity, education, Hormone Therapy trial arm, baseline BMI, and baseline glucose or insulin concentration. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. Means and 95% CIs are based on least-squares means estimated from linear regression models.