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. 2011 Jun;77(11):3802–3808. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02484-10

Table 2.

Validation of H5N1 influenza A virus recovery from large volumes of lake water and rainwater

Type of water/country Seeded virus strain Date of samplinge Expt no. Vol of sample (liters) Gene-specific RT-PCR TCID50 of virus added to samplec TCID50 recovered (%)d
Eluate PEG concentrate
Lake/France A/HK/156/97 Oct 2008 (1) 1 10 M 1.71 × 107 34.91 7.89
H5 6.12 × 106 12.45 3.51
2 10 M 1.71 × 107 17.60 3.26
H5 6.12 × 106 6.27 1.21
Oct 2008 (2) 3 10 M 9.46 × 107 4.37 0.36
H5 3.38 × 107 4.85 0.22
4 10 M 9.46 × 107 5.12 1.08
H5 3.38 × 107 5.27 1.22
Nov 2008 5 10 M 2.66 × 103 NDa 1.88
H5 1.70 × 103 ND 0.47
6 10 M 2.66 × 103 ND 1.59
H5 1.70 × 103 ND 1.36
Dec 2008 7 10 M 4.94 × 103 ND 2.25
H5 8.44 × 103 ND 2.59
8 10 M 4.94 × 103 ND 0.45
H5 8.44 × 103 ND ND
Jan 2009 9 50 M 2.93 × 107 0.20 0.004
H5 2.52 × 106 ND 0.34
12 50 M 4.87 × 103 35.52 2.07
H5 2.21 × 103 ND 0.18
Feb 2009 10 50 M 5.09 × 106 6.95 0.25
H5 7.76 × 106 1.80 0.35
13 50 M 4.30 × 103 34.42 1.90
H5 2.27 × 103 ND ND
March 2009 11 50 M 5.88 × 106 8.61 0.80
H5 4.70 × 107 0.29 0.02
14 50 M 3.05 × 103 ND 2.50
H5 NDa ND ND
Lake/Cambodia (Kampong Cham) A/DK/CAM/67F8/2008 April 2009 15 10 H5 1.74 × 105 NTb 0.17
May 2009 16 10 H5 1.74 × 105 NT 0.49
June 2009 17 10 H5 1.74 × 105 NT 0.09
July 2009 18 10 H5 1.74 × 105 NT 0.08
Lake/Cambodia (Prey Veng) A/DK/CAM/67F8/2008 April 2009 19 10 H5 1.74 × 105 NT 1.66
May 2009 20 10 H5 1.74 × 105 NT 0.04
June 2009 21 10 H5 1.74 × 105 NT 0.06
July 2009 22 10 H5 1.74 × 105 NT ND
Rain/Cambodia A/DK/CAM/67F8/2008 March 2009 23 10 H5 1.74 × 106 NT 7.57
24 10 H5 1.74 × 106 NT 8.68
25 10 H5 1.74 × 105 NT 9.31
25 10 H5 1.74 × 105 NT 8.79
26 10 H5 1.74 × 104 NT 3.33
27 10 H5 1.74 × 104 NT 13.79
28 10 H5 1.74 × 104 NT 5.98
29 10 H5 1.74 × 103 NT ND
30 10 H5 1.74 × 103 NT ND
31 10 H5 1.74 × 103 NT 3.63
a

ND, not detected.

b

NT, not tested.

c

Results obtained by using an infectivity assay.

d

Results based upon viral quantifications by real-time RT-PCR.

e

Oct, October; Nov, November; Dec, December; Jan, January; Feb, February.