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Decline in medium pH due to the growth of C. perfringens strain Cp15 alone (⧫), in the presence of L. fermentum (▴), or with a 1-h L. fermentum preincubation step (•) on a monolayer of Caco-2 cells after 1, 2, 3, or 4 h of incubation. The 0-h time point is the start of the experiment, immediately after the C. perfringens cultures were added. Means of 3 individual experiments and standard deviations are shown.
