Table 3.

Lower limb biomechanical analyses, gait characteristics and footwear conditions of included studies

Study	Biomechanical variable(s)	Gait characteristics	Footwear condition(s)
Azevedo et al. [27]	Muscle activity (integrated EMG: normalised EMG amplitude as a percentage of root mean square amplitude): tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris and gluteus medius; Kinematics (3D using Vicon® System 370 Version 2.5): sagittal plane hip, knee and ankle joints; Kinetics: anterior-posterior and vertical ground reaction force; Temporospatial parameters (speed, stride length, stride time, stride frequency).	Running Uv, Og	C (neutral running shoe)
Baur et al. [11]	Muscle activity (normalised EMG amplitude to mean amplitude of the entire gait cycle and timing of activity): tibialis anterior, peroneals, lateral head of gastrocnemius, medial head of gastrocnemius, soleus; Kinetics: antero-posterior and vertical ground reaction force; Plantar pressures (Novel Pedar® Mobile system): deviation of the centre of pressure.	Running Cv (12 km/hour), Tm	C (gymnastic shoe that simulates barefoot conditions) and C (standardised marketed reference running shoe
Donoghue et al. [33]	Kinematics (3D: functional data analysis using 3D Qualysis system with Peak Motus™ analysis system): frontal plane rearfoot and lower leg, sagittal plane ankle and knee joints.	Running Cv (~2.8 m/s), Tm	U (own running shoes)
Donoghue et al. [34]	Kinematics (3D Qualysis system with Peak Motus™ analysis system): frontal plane rearfoot and lower leg, sagittal plane ankle and knee joints.	Running Cv (~2.5-2.8 ± 0.2-0.4 m/s), Tm	Unable to determine (as type of footwear not specified) and B
Kaufman et al. [19]	Plantar pressures (Tekscan® in-shoe system): dynamic arch index.	Running Uv, Og	C (military footwear) and B
McCrory et al. [25]	Kinematics (2D Motion Analysis high-speed video camera): frontal plane rearfoot. Kinetics: antero-posterior, medio-lateral and vertical ground reaction forces.	Running Uv ('training pace'), T (kinematics), Og (kinetics)	U (own footwear)
Ryan et al. [35]	Kinematics (3D ViconPeak® system with Bodybuilder 3.6® software): frontal and sagittal plane rearfoot and transverse plane tibia.	Running Uv, Og	B
Van Ginckel et al. [2]	Plantar pressures (RsScan Footscan® pressure plate): multiple variables (temporal data, peak force, force-time integrals, contact time, medio-lateral force ratios and position and deviation of the centre of force).	Running Uv, Og	B
Williams et al. [24]	Kinematics and moments (3D Qualisys motion system with Visual 3-D software): transverse plane tibia relative to foot (tibial motion) and tibia relative to femur (knee motion).	Running Cv, Og (3.35 m/s ± 5%).	B

Abbreviations:

EMG, electromyography; 2D, two-dimensional analysis; 3D, three-dimensional analysis; Cv, controlled velocity; Uv, uncontrolled velocity; Og, overground; Tm, treadmill; C, yes and controlled; U, yes but uncontrolled; B, barefoot.