Fig. 1.

Rapid adaptation across cortical layers in V1. (A) Schematic description of the orientation adaptation protocol. (B) Multicontact laminar electrodes (Left) were used to record neuronal activity across cortical depth. Cortical layers we identified using CSD. In this example, the current sink (blue) represents the granular layer and spans ≈400 μm. This analysis served as a reference to assign electrode contacts above and below the granular layer. (C) Example of LFP responses across cortical layers for a single penetration during control (blue) and adaptation (red). Each trace represents the average response across all trials and test orientations in each condition (a 45° adaptor). (D) Raster plots represent the spike times of three example V1 neurons across cortical layers responding to the adapting and test stimuli in the control (blue) and adaptation (red) conditions. The horizontal lines mark the 300-ms time windows during which the adapting (first line) and test stimuli (second line) were presented.