Table 2.

Stigma measures’ description and findings of the 19 studies

1st Author study designa	Administered to: HIV-, HIV?, both	Validated/un-validated # Items Types of stigmab	Results or NSc	Interpretation
Entire intervention targeting HIV/AIDS stigma reduction
Apinundecha [25] RCT	Both	Validated 30-item scale PS, ES	ANCOVA score differences, P < .01 Intervention: 35.1 Control: .98	Intervention had reduced stigma; higher score represents lower stigma, post- intervention
Yang [24] Nonrandom grp.	Both	Un-validated 12 items PS, ES	Chi-square, 11/12 items, P < .01 5–20% increase in “yes” responses after intervention; no data reported for control group	Increase in “yes” responses represented less stigma, post-intervention
Wu [33] RCT	HIV−	Un-validated 3 items PS, ES	Mixed effects models: NS	No group differences on agreement/ item = no differences in stigma
1 or more components of intervention targeting HIV/AIDS stigma reduction
Gill [27] RCT	HIV−	Validated 14-item scale PS	Paired t-tests, mean %, P <.001 Intervention: 81% Control: 71%	Intervention group had more positive attitudes toward PLWHA, post- intervention
Klepp [28] RCT	HIV−	Validated 4-item scale PS	Mixed Model ANOVA, P = .0015 Effect size = 2.8	Intervention group had more positive attitudes toward PLWHA, post- intervention
Krauss [30] RCT	HIV−	Validated 22-item sub-scale PS, ES	ANCOVA, score difference, P = .001 Intervention: 6.0 Control: 3.0 Crossover: 3.0	Children’s total comfort in interacting with PLWHA increased most in intervention group, post-intervention
Lueveswanij [36] Nonrandom grp.	HIV−	Un-validated 4 items PS, ES	Paired t-test/item, differences, P < .05 Intervention: 5–50% Control: −5–3%	Intervention group had more positive attitudes toward PLWHA, post- intervention
Markham [31] RCT	HIV−	Un-validated 2 items PS	Generalized linear regression model: NS for effect of overall intervention	Unsure what NS means since no response options reported for items
Norr [38] Nonrandom grp.	HIV−	Validated (4 of 6 items) 6-item scale PS	Paired t-tests, mean scores, P <.001 Intervention: 5.0 Control: 4.1	Intervention group had more positive attitudes toward PLWHA, but < 1 effect size at follow-up
Pisal [39] One group	HIV−	Un-validated 11 items PS, ES	Paired t-tests/item, P <.0001: score differences range from 9.4–57.5	10/11 items had decreased scores, post- intervention, representing less stigma
Sowell [40] One group	HIV−	Un-validated 7 items PS	Reported pre/post item results as significant, but no test statistic/p- values: improvement ranged from 2 to 23%	Pre/post improvement in attitudes toward caring for PLWHA
No intervention components targeting HIV/AIDS stigma reduction
Ashworth [26] RCT	HIV−	Un-validated 1 item PS	Kruskall Wallis ANOVA: NS	No effect of intervention on stigma item
Fawole [34] Nonrandom grp.	HIV−	Un-validated 1 item PS	ANOVA, % agree on item, P <.05 Intervention: 79%d Control: 14%d	Intervention group had more % agreement on if they could touch and care for PLWHA at post-intervention
Knaus [29] RCT	HIV−	Validated 8-item index (6 items on stigma) PS	Paired t-tests, mean score, P = .025 Intervention: 35.3 Control: 34.3	Intervention group had more positive attitudes toward PLWHA, but score difference was small, post-intervention
Kuhn [35] Nonrandom grp.	HIV−	Un-validated 3 items PS, ES	Test statistic not reported, 1 item, P = .0001 Intervention: 41.2% Control: 10.8%	Intervention group would accept PLWHA student into their class more than control group at post-intervention
Merakou [37] Nonrandom grp.	HIV−	Un-validated 3 items PS	Chi-square test/item—1 item significant Intervention: 9%, P = .006 Control: 16%, .0005	Intervention group had lower agreement that HIV carriers should not have sexual contacts at post-intervention
Rounds [23] One group	HIV+	Validated 8-item scale PS	Wilcoxan matched pairs signed-ranks test, pre/post score difference P < .05: 1.78	Decreased feelings of being isolated or left out by others, post-intervention
Stewart [32] RCT	HIV−	Validated 10-item sub-scale PS	2 × 3 MANCOVA: NS	No intervention effect on stigma
Zachariah [22] One group	HIV−	Validated 2 scales on AIDS phobia and homophobia (# items not reported) PS	Paired t-tests reported/scale: NS	No intervention effect on AIDS phobia or homophobia

^aFor study designs, “Nonrandom grp.” is abbreviated for pre-test/post-test with non-randomized control group; “One group” is abbreviated for pre-test/post-test one group (no control group)

^bTypes of stigma measured in the 19 studies are either perceived stigma and/or enacted stigma. Perceived stigma is abbreviated as “PS”; enacted stigma is abbreviated as “ES.”

^c“NS” stands for non-significant results at threshold of .05 for the stigma measure

^dFor Fawole’s [34] study, findings of the stigma item and one other (non-stigma) attitude item were combined to create an overall attitudinal score (not shown)