Figure 4.

Time–amplitude waveform of a 40-ms synthesized speech stimulus /da/ is shown in blue (time shifted by 6 ms to be comparable with the neural response). The first 10 ms of the syllable are characterized by the onset burst of the consonant /d/; the following 30 ms are the formant transition to the vowel /a/. The time–amplitude waveform of the time-locked brainstem response to the 40-ms /da/ is shown below the stimulus, in black. The onset response (V) begins 6–10 ms following the stimulus, reflecting the time delay to the auditory brainstem. The start of the formant transition period is marked by wave C, marking the change from the burst to the periodic portion of the syllable, that is, the vowel. Waves D, E, and F represent the periodic portion of the syllable (frequency-following response) from which the fundamental frequency (F0) of the stimulus can be extracted. Finally, wave O marks stimulus offset. From Chandrasekaran and Kraus (2010), reproduced with permission.