Table 1. Ghostwriting policies of editors’ and medical writers’ associations.
| Association | ‘Ghostwriting’ mentioned on website | Specific policy |
|---|---|---|
| International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) | No | No* |
| World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) | Yes | Yes |
| Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) | Yes | Yes |
| American Medical Writers Association (AMWA) | Yes | Yes |
| Eastern Mediterranean Association of Medical Editors (EMAME) | Yes | No |
| Council of Science Editors (CSE) | Yes | Yes |
| European Association of Science Editors (EASE) | No | No |
| International Society for Medical Publication Professionals (ISMPP) | Yes | Yes |
| European Medical Writers Association (EMWA) | Yes | Yes |
*ICMJE has a policy on contributors (http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html)