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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2002;53:247–273. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.091401.143329

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Activation of protein kinases by hyperosmotic stress. The MAP kinase cascade shown is also activated by other stresses. Currently, the functional significance of the kinase activation is unclear (hence the “unknown output”). SIPK, SIMK, and ATMPK6 are homologous MAP kinases from tobacco, alfalfa, and Arabidopsis, respectively.