Table 3.

Effects of the patient safety on medical students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes

Outcome dimension(s) addressed	Studies	Evaluation design	Quality score	Effects
				Post survey	Follow up
knowledge	Halbach 2005	pre/post survey, follow up	8	↑	↑
	Madigosky 2006	pre/post survey, follow up	8	↑	↑
	Moskowitz 2007	pre/post survey	6	/	/
	Patey 2009	pre survey, follow up	8	/	↑
	Paxton 2009	pre/post survey	6	↑	/
	Gunderson 2009	pre/post survey	6	↑	/
skills	Halbach 2005	pre/post survey, follow up	8	↑	↑
	Madigosky 2006	pre/post survey, follow up	8	Some↑ Some→	Some↑ Some→
	Moskowitz 2007	pre/post survey	6	/	/
	Anderson 2009	pre/post survey	10	↑	/
	Patey 2009	pre survey, follow up	8	/	↑
	Paxton 2009	pre/post survey	6	↑	/
	Gunderson 2009	pre/post survey	6	↑	/
attitudes	Madigosky 2006	pre/post survey, follow up	8	Some↑ Some→ Some*	Some↑ Some→ Some*
	Moskowitz 2007	pre/post survey	6	Some↑ Some→	/
	Patey 2009	pre survey, follow up	8	/	→
	Gunderson 2009	pre/post survey	6	↑	/

↑:improvement or changes in the expected direction

→:no effect or without change or not sustained

/:not report

*:changes in an undesired direction