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. 2011 Jul 1;6(7):e21788. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021788

Figure 3. 2-DG sustained mitochondrial bioenergetic function, reduced mitochondrial Aβ load, and suppressed oxidative stress.

Figure 3

Mitochondrial samples of both the Ctrl and 2-DG group were analyzed for protein levels of 1) bioenergetic enzymes, including SCOT, ACAT1, OGDH, and PDH; 2) amyloid species, including APP and 16 kD Aβ oligomer; 3) oxidative stress markers, including MnSOD, Prdx V, and Hsp60 by western blot. Cortical tissue homogenates from both the Ctrl and 2-DG groups were analyzed for total SOD and MnSOD activity, total anti-oxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation. A, 2-DG significantly increased protein expression of enzymes involved in ketone utilization, including SCOT, ACAT1 and OGDH; In contrast, PDH was not changed by 2-DG (*, P<0.05 compared to Ctrl, bars represent mean value ± SEM); B, 2-DG significantly decreased mitochondrial APP and 16 kD Aβ oligomer level (*, P<0.05 compared to Ctrl, bars represent mean value ± SEM); C, 2-DG significantly decreased protein expression of oxidative stress response markers, including MnSOD, Prdx V, and Hsp60 (*, P<0.05 compared to Ctrl, bars represent mean value ± SEM); D, 2-DG significantly decreased both SOD and MnSOD activity while the total anti-oxidant capacity was slightly increased (*, P<0.05 compared to Ctrl, bars represent mean value ± SEM); E, 2-DG significantly decreased lipid peroxidation (*, P<0.05 compared to Ctrl, bars represent mean value ± SEM).