Table 1.

Sample characteristics of males and females assessed at baseline (mean age 6.5 years) and followup (mean age 21 years).

	Baseline^a				Young adult follow-up

	Males		Females		Males		Females
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%

Total	1151		1160		794		904
Cohort
1985	587	51.0	609	52.5	390	49.0	471	52.1
1986	564	49.0	551	47.5	404	51.0	433	47.9
Race/ethnicity^b
Minority	744	64.6	806	69.5	556	70.0	667	73.8
Non-Minority	407	35.4	354	30.5	239	30.0	237	26.2
Subsidized or free lunch
Yes	607	52.7	605	52.2	437	55.0	494	54.6
No	544	47.3	549	47.3	357	45.0	406	44.9
Missing	0		6	0.5	0		4	0.5
Number adults in household^c
Single mother	315	27.4	293	25.3	241	30.2	248	27.2
2 or more adults	521	45.2	538	46.4	379	47.8	444	49.1
Missing	315	27.4	329	28.3	174	22.0	212	23.7
Highest education of adult(s) in household
non HS graduate	317	27.5	301	26.0	229	28.7	237	26.1
HS graduate or higher	587	51.0	605	52.2	441	55.7	513	56.7
Missing	247	21.5	254	21.8	124	15.6	154	17.2
Reading readiness^d
Lowest quartile	316	27.4	265	22.8	210	26.6	210	23.3
Second quartile	294	25.6	264	22.8	239	29.7	240	26.4
Third quartile	265	23.0	340	29.3	157	19.8	224	24.6
Highest quartile	254	22.1	270	23.3	177	22.5	213	23.6
Missing	22	1.9	21	1.8	11	1.4	17	2.1
Math readiness^d
Lowest quartile	274	23.8	244	21.0	191	23.9	199	22.2
Second quartile	227	19.7	235	20.3	157	19.8	184	20.1
Third quartile	214	18.6	296	25.5	160	20.1	229	25.2
Highest quartile	250	21.7	204	17.6	168	21.3	157	17.3
Missing	186	16.2	181	15.6	118	14.9	135	15.2
Aggressive/disruptive behavior^e
Lowest quartile	237	20.6	343	29.6	155	19.4	259	28.6
Second quartile	218	18.9	268	23.1	143	18.0	211	23.6
Third quartile	247	21.5	247	21.3	182	22.9	202	22.3
Highest quartile	324	28.1	171	14.7	221	27.8	139	15.3
Missing	125	10.9	131	11.3	93	11.8	93	10.2
Concentration problems^e
Lowest quartile	215	18.7	310	26.7	152	19.2	245	27.1
Second quartile	259	22.5	279	24.0	191	24.3	204	22.4
Third quartile	251	21.8	236	20.3	160	19.8	194	21.6
Highest quartile	301	26.1	204	17.6	198	24.9	168	18.7
Missing	125	10.9	131	11.3	93	11.8	93	10.2
Low Social interaction/shyness^e
Lowest quartile	279	24.2	322	27.8	203	25.7	257	28.3
Second quartile	207	18.0	243	20.9	127	17.3	183	20.2
Third quartile	311	27.0	257	22.2	203	25.3	199	22.1
Highest quartile	229	19.9	207	17.8	158	19.9	172	19.1
Missing	125	10.9	131	11.3	93	11.8	93	10.2

Data from JHU Prevention Research cohorts I and II, 1985/86 (baseline) and 15 years later (followup).

Fall first grade except for family structure and parent education collected three years later

Minority defined as African American, Hispanic, and other non Hispanic White.

4.5% of the households had a single female head other than mother

Based on California Achievement Test Form E&F

Based on teacher rated reports collected in the fall of first grade