Table 3.

DLPFC↔aPFC: GC directional connectivity estimates

	GC (gamma power)
	aPFC→DLPFC	DLPFC→aPFC
Encoding stimulus 1 (1–1000 ms)
Practiced	d = 0.77, t = 18/p = 4.6e-55	d = 0.81, t = 18/p = 2e-55
Novel	d = 0.67, t = 16/p = 6e-45	d = 0.88 (*D), t = 21/p = 2.8e-64
Encoding stimulus 2 (1–1000 ms)
Practiced	d = 0.80 (*D), t = 19/p = 1.5e-57	d = 0.59, t = 14/p = 6e-37
Novel	d = 0.77, t = 18/p = 1.9e-54	d = 0.82, t = 18/p = 1.9e-53
Encoding stimulus 3 (1–1000 ms)
Practiced	d = 0.81, t = 19/p = 2e-56	d = 0.77, t = 17/p = 2e-50
Novel	d = 0.80, t = 18/p = 8e-55	d = 0.76, t = 17/p = 6.7e-51
Trial 1 (1–2000 ms)
Practiced	d = 0.45, t = 8/p = 8e-15	d = 0.46, t = 7/p = 6e-12
Novel	d = 0.47, t = 7/p = 1e-10	d = 0.42, t = 6/p = 2e-9

Note that unlike PSI, the GC results are of gamma band activity only and therefore may have filtered out some effects in other frequency bands (such as during trial 1). d, Effect size (Cohen's d) of Granger causality magnitudes; t, t value of magnitudes versus 0; p, p value of the t test versus 0; *D, Significant dominant influence (A→B vs B→A).