Table 2.
Baseline Demographic, Smoking History, and Patterns of Use
| Variable | Study 1 (N = 91) | Study 2 (N = 112) | p value |
| Mean age (SD) | 20.4 (2.0) | 20.6 (2.1) | 0.46 |
| Percent women | 24.2 | 33.3 | 0.14 |
| Race | 0.09 | ||
| Caucasian | 76.7 | 64.3 | |
| African American | 5.6 | 4.5 | |
| Hispanic | 6.7 | 4.5 | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 7.8 | 20.5 | |
| Other | 3.3 | 6.2 | |
| Year in school | 0.49 | ||
| Freshman | 14.4 | 17.9 | |
| Sophomore | 31.1 | 21.4 | |
| Junior | 14.4 | 16.1 | |
| Senior | 34.4 | 34.8 | |
| Graduate | 5.6 | 9.8 | |
| Smoking history and patterns of use | |||
| Mean age started hookah use (SD) | 17.8 (1.4) | 17.6 (1.5) | 0.38 |
| Learned about waterpipe from friends | 95.6 | 94.6 | 0.28 |
| Why did you start waterpipe smoking | 0.50 | ||
| Curious about tobacco used | 71.0 | 70.5 | |
| Like the way waterpipe are crafted | 20.0 | 6.2 | |
| Like the smell of waterpipe tobacco | 48.9 | 46.4 | |
| Like the taste | 61.1 | 54.5 | |
| Hookah bar/café opened nearby | 41.1 | 43.8 | |
| My friends use waterpipe | 82.2 | 83.9 | |
| Frequency of waterpipe use | 0.38 | ||
| Monthly | 61.1 | 65.2 | |
| Weekly | 32.2 | 32.1 | |
| Daily | 6.7 | 2.7 | |
| When usually smoke waterpipe | 0.22 | ||
| Mornings | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Afternoons | 3.3 | 0.9 | |
| Evenings | 96.7 | 99.1 | |
| Mean minutes per waterpipe session | 37.2 (23.3) | 34.3 (19.3) | 0.34 |
| Smokes more than 60 min after waking up | 100.0 | 100.0 | NE |
| Waterpipe most difficult to give up | 0.83 | ||
| The first, always | 11.1 | 10.0 | |
| The first, in general | 24.4 | 25.4 | |
| The first, maybe | 42.2 | 37.3 | |
| Any other one | 22.2 | 27.3 | |
| Smoke when seriously ill | 0.0061 | ||
| Yes, absolutely | 1.1 | 0.0 | |
| Yes, probably | 6.7 | 0.9 | |
| Yes, maybe | 20.0 | 8.9 | |
| No | 72.2 | 90.2 | |
| Do you smoke waterpipe as a social habit | 0.24 | ||
| Yes, absolutely | 21.1 | 31.2 | |
| Yes, probably | 40.0 | 34.8 | |
| Yes, maybe | 21.1 | 23.2 | |
| No | 17.8 | 10.7 | |
| Smokes waterpipe with others | 100.0 | 100.0 | NE |
| Where typically smokes waterpipe | 0.59 | ||
| Home/dorm | 43.3 | 46.4 | |
| Café or restaurant | 24.4 | 25.9 | |
| Friend's house | 25.6 | 25.0 | |
| Other | 6.7 | 2.7 | |
| Owns a waterpipe | 51.1 | 39.3 | 0.09 |
| Current use of other tobacco products | |||
| Cigarettes | 49.4 | 50.9 | 0.84 |
| Cigar | 27.5 | 20.5 | 0.25 |
| Black and mild | 24.2 | 16.1 | 0.15 |
| Pipe | 13.2 | 8.9 | 0.33 |
| Chew or dip tobacco | 2.2 | 5.4 | 0.25 |
| Snuff | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.88 |
| Bidis | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.37 |
| Mean number of other tobacco products used other than waterpipe | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.03 (1.0) | 0.35 |
Note. Unless otherwise stated (Ms and SDs), numbers represent percentages. For categorical variables, the hypothesis that the distribution of counts across categories was the same for the populations from which the two study samples were drawn was tested by a chi-square test statistic. For continuously distributed variables, the hypothesis that the means were the same for the populations from which the two study samples were drawn was tested by a t test. Numbers have been rounded. NE = not estimable.