Table 1.

Behaviors scored in restraint tests and hawk tests. All behaviors were scored when performed by adult females unless otherwise specified.

Behavior	Test	Measure	Definition
Struggle	Restraint	Duration	Strain or pull against restraint and/or twist body in restraint
Chew	Restraint	Duration	Chew or gnaw at restraint, including padding or Velcro straps.
Infant on	Restraint, Hawk	Duration	Infant has all four limbs on mother’s body
Bristle strut	Hawk	Duration	Arching posture and/or strut locomotion and/or general piloerection
Scan above cage	Hawk	Frequency	Look to top of cage and/or move head from side to side to monitor top of cage
Flinch	Hawk	Frequency	Flinch during presentation of hawk stimuli
Moan	Restraint	Frequency	Moaning, crying or whining vocalization (usually associated with struggling)
Infant ngä	Restraint, Hawk	Frequency	Relatively low-pitched, atonal, infantile squeal by infant