Table 2.

Genes most frequently mutated in pancreatic cancer[45,46]

Gene symbols	Protein name	Mutation frequency (%)	Type	Main signaling or system
KRAS	K-ras	58	Proto-oncogene	Ras/Raf/MAPK
TP53	Tumor protein p53	37	Tumor suppressor	Apoptosis Cell cycle control
CDKN2A	Tumor protein p16 (INK4A)	29	Tumor suppressor	Cell cycle control
CTNNB1	β-catenin	24	Proto-oncogene	Wnt
SMAD4 DPC4	Smad Dpc4	22	Tumor suppressor	TNFbeta/SMAD
APC	Apc	16	Tumor suppressor	Wnt
PIK3CA	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase	5	Proto-oncogene	PTEN/PI3K/AKT

DPC: Deleted in pancreatic cancer; APC: Adenomatous polyposis coli; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase.