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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuromolecular Med. 2010 Jun 23;12(4):331–340. doi: 10.1007/s12017-010-8121-y

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Peripheral ceramides may be associated with Alzheimer’s disease through either direct or indirect mechanisms. Direct mechanism: Peripheral ceramides reflect CSF and brain ceramide levels, both of which have been associated with amyloid-beta levels and neurodegeneration in animal and laboratory studies. Indirect mechanism: Peripheral ceramides have been found to be associated with atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and diabetes, all of which are known risk factors for AD