Fig. 7.
The proprioceptive estimate of target hand position is significantly realigned even without explicit error feedback. A: reaching endpoints averaged across subjects in experiment 1 (n = 39 subjects) with SEs. Subjects had an explicit error signal (endpoint visual feedback on VP reaches) to drive motor adaptation in addition to the VP misalignment to drive proprioceptive realignment. With both signals, P endpoint shift (ΔŷP, includes motor adaptation) was substantial. B: reaching endpoints averaged across subjects in experiment 2 (n = 19 subjects) with SEs. Even without an explicit error signal, significant shifting of P endpoints occurred (ΔŷP), which here reflects purely sensory realignment since there was no explicit error signal to drive motor adaptation (see appendixes). *Includes both motor adaptation and proprioceptive realignment. **Significantly different from zero.