Table 3.

Multivariate linear regression predicting toughness among 1,051 participants in the California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey^a

Predictor	B	95% CI
Female (reference: male)	−.70☼	−1.15 to −.24
Race (reference: white)
Black	.53	−.69 to 1.75
Asian	.56	−.73 to 1.84
Other	−2.03	−3.60 to −.47
Hispanic origin (reference: non-Hispanic)	.75	.08 to 1.42
Age	.02	.01 to .03
Unable to go to doctor because of costb	−.33	−1.02 to .35
Education
High school diploma versus no diploma	.23	−.24 to .70
Some college versus high school diploma	−1.41	−2.14 to −.68
College degree versus some college	−1.40	−2.02 to −.78
Advanced degree versus college degree	−1.09	−1.54 to −.63
Depression symptomsc	.09	.03 to .15

^aR2=.13, df=1,039. Toughness was assessed using the Tough Image Scale; possible scores range from 4 to 20, with higher scores indicating greater toughness.

^bIndicator of lower socioeconomic status

^cAssessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item depression scale (PHQ–9); possible scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating greater depression.

^☼p<.01