Table 1.
Marginal Effects of Endowments on Outcomes by Educational Level
| Male |
Female |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Cognitive | Noncognitive | Health | Cognitive | Noncognitive | Health |
| Education | 0.205 (2.446) |
0.045 (2.030) |
−0.002 (−0.070) |
0.195 (3.732) |
0.028 (1.778) |
0.047 (1.744) |
| Daily smoking (C) | 0.062 (2.133) |
−0.108 (−4.947) |
−0.116 (−2.722) |
0.017 (0.580) |
−0.074 (−3.370) |
−0.046 (−1.215) |
| Daily smoking (PC) | −0.009 (−0.276) |
−0.051 (−1.956) |
−0.107 (−2.161) |
−0.007 (−0.266) |
−0.054 (−2.119) |
0.005 (0.141) |
| Poor health (C) | 0.017 (0.794) |
−0.062 (−2.735) |
−0.076 (−1.992) |
−0.052 (−1.957) |
−0.035 (−1.795) |
−0.019 (−0.690) |
| Poor health (PC) | −0.037 (−1.221) |
0.001 (0.062) |
−0.076 (−1.599) |
−0.017 (−0.700) |
−0.025 (−1.254) |
−0.038 (−1.142) |
| Obesity (C) | 0.014 (0.688) |
−0.026 (−1.515) |
−0.108 (−2.195) |
−0.012 (−0.407) |
−0.028 (−1.334) |
−0.210 (−4.000) |
| Obesity (PC) | −0.007 (−0.251) |
0.007 (0.330) |
−0.103 (−1.615) |
0.039 (1.160) |
−0.037 (−1.491) |
−0.268 (−3.741) |
Note. Adapted from Conti, Heckman, and Urzua (2010a, 2010b). Marginal effects are defined as the analytical derivative averaged over the unconditional distribution of X and θ: , with k = {0,1} (k = 0 if the person has stopped at the compulsory level of education, k = 1 if the person has continued beyond the compulsory level) and j = {C, N, H}. Numbers in parentheses are t statistics. C = compulsory; PC = postcompulsory.