Figure 1.

It takes two to tango: striking the balance between antitumor activity, and antivector immunity. (a) Immune barriers to oncolytic virus (OV) delivery/spread. (b) Antitumor immune activity. (c) Blockade/suppression of immune activity. CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NK, natural killer cell; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β TIL, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.