Figure 2.

Combining oncolytic virotherapy with tumor-specific T cells. Oncolytic virus (OV)-specific T cells could be expanded ex vivo after the second vaccination. If the individual was already exposed to the OV by vaccination or prior infection, then the T cells could be manufactured earlier. After activation, the T cells could be transduced with a retroviral vector expressing a tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to redirect their specificity to a tumor antigen. The transduced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) could then be infused after virotherapy when the tumor load would be reduced. The OV could then be used as a vaccine to induce T-cell expansion and maintain function.