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Model of mechanisms underlying muscle atrophy in R6/2 mice. 3-MH, 3-methyhistidine; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; htt, huntingtin; UPS, ubiquitin proteasome system; PGC-1α; PPARγ coactivator-1α. Dark and light gray denote decrease and increase, respectively, in activity, gene expression, or exerting strength. Solid line, findings established in this study or in the literature; dotted line, not-yet-established but probable links. Arrow and ⊥, stimulation and inhibition, respectively.
