Table 2.

Cardiovascular and vasomotor sympathetic outflow changes during static handgrip exercise and cold pressor test (CPT)

	Static Handgrip
Variables	100%, at fatigue	PECA 2	CPT Peak
ΔHR, beats/min
Women, EF	15 ± 7*	1 ± 5	12 ± 7
Women, ML	12 ± 9*	−1 ± 6	13 ± 7
Men	24 ± 6	−3 ± 6	11 ± 7
ΔSBP, mmHg
Women, EF	22 ± 13*	17 ± 12*	16 ± 12*
Women, ML	16 ± 12*	15 ± 13*	18 ± 16*
Men	43 ± 13	31 ± 10	31 ± 10
ΔDBP, mmHg
Women, EF	16 ± 6*	9 ± 5*	8 ± 7*
Women, ML	12 ± 7*	9 ± 7*	9 ± 8*
Men	29 ± 6	18 ± 6	20 ± 6
ΔMSNA-BF, bursts/min
Women, EF	18 ± 7*	11 ± 8*	18 ± 14
Women, ML	20 ± 12*	10 ± 7*	16 ± 11
Men	30 ± 7	18 ± 9	26 ± 10
ΔMSNA-BI, bursts/100 heart beats
Women, EF	20 ± 10	17 ± 14*	24 ± 17
Women, ML	24 ± 16	16 ± 13*	21 ± 16*
Men	29 ± 7	31 ± 14	40 ± 18
ΔTotal activity, a.u./min
Women, EF	632 ± 418*	354 ± 321*	675 ± 785
Women, ML	598 ± 342*	341 ± 199*	504 ± 528
Men	1025 ± 416	599 ± 327	798 ± 575

All values are the differences from baseline, means ± SD.

PECA, postexercise circulatory arrest; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MSNA, muscle sympathetic nerve activity; BF, burst frequency; BI, burst incidence; a.u., arbitrary units.

^*Difference from men within stage, P < 0.05. Peak for CPT was defined as: HR, 0.5 min; SBP and DBP, 1.5 min; MSNA, 1.5 min.