Table 1.
Descriptive information on spina bifida and control groups
| 36 Months of age |
60 Months of age |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SB | Control | SB | Control | |
| Age (months) | 37.56 | 37.92 | 61.83 | 61.29 |
| Sex (female) | 65% | 42% | 68% | 38% |
| Hollingshead SES | 32.82* | 45.27 | 33.06* | 42.82 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| African American | 9% | 2% | 13% | 2% |
| Caucasian | 60% | 70% | 52% | 65% |
| Hispanic | 28% | 15% | 35% | 24% |
| Other | 2% | 13% | 0 | 9% |
| SB-IV Vocabulary | 94.94* | 107.66 | — | — |
| SB-IV Pattern Analysis | 83.77* | 102.49 | — | — |
| WJ-R Picture Vocabulary | — | — | 93.89* | 112.65 |
| WJ-R Spatial Relations | — | — | 86.15* | 104.65 |
| CTOPP Sound Matching | — | — | 8.83* | 10.08 |
| CTOPP Elision | — | — | 8.05* | 10.04 |
| Phonological Awareness Composite | — | — | 6.02* | 10.43 |
| Purdue Pegs | 1.77 | 0.62 | 3.43* | 6.46 |
Note.
*
Denotes a significant group difference. Values are standard scores except for Purdue Pegs which was number of errors at 36 months and pegs placed at 60 months. SB-IV = Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fourth Edition; WJ-R = Woodcock-Johnson Test of Cognitive Abilities—Revised; CTOPP = Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing; Phonological Awareness Composite = CTOPP Sound Matching and CTOPP Elision raw scores.