. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 22.

Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011 May;17(3):431–444. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000233

Table 6.

Hierarchical regressions for math outcomes at 60-months of age

Predictors	B	SE	β	t	p
Oral counting
Step 1	R² = .13 ^**
Group	20.88	5.83	.36	3.58	<.001
Step 2	ΔR² = .28 ^**
Group	4.97	6.54	.09	.76	.450
Fine motor	.70	1.25	.06	.56	.576
Visual–spatial ability	1.75	.72	.26	2.45	.016
PA	1.79	.47	.41	3.85	<.001
Vocabulary	−.24	.73	−.03	−.32	.749
Step 3	ΔR² = .06
Counting principles
Step 1	R² = .17 ^**
Group	3.26	.82	.41	3.95	<.001
Step 2	ΔR² = .20 ^**
Group	1.40	.98	.18	1.43	.157
Fine motor	.02	.19	.01	.12	.908
Visual–spatial ability	.08	.11	.08	.71	.483
PA	.20	.07	.33	2.89	.005
Vocabulary	.19	.11	.19	1.66	.101
Step 3	ΔR² = .05
Quantitative
Step 1	R² = .06 ^*
Group	2.04	.99	.24	2.05	.044
Step 2	ΔR² = .25 ^**
Group	−.60	1.12	−.07	−.53	.595
Fine motor	.33	.21	.21	1.60	.115
Visual–spatial ability	.36	.13	.38	2.73	.008
PA	−.03	.08	−.05	−.41	.685
Vocabulary	.18	.13	.18	1.35	.183
Step 3	ΔR² = .01
Small set object-based arithmetic
Step 1	R² = .00
Group	.04	.30	.02	.14	.889
Step 2	ΔR² = .16 ^**
Group	−.75	.37	−.28	−2.04	.045
Fine motor	.21	.07	.42	3.00	.004
Visual–spatial	−.02	.04	−.05	−.37	.714
PA	.04	.03	.21	1.59	.116
Vocabulary	.00	.04	−.00	−.01	.993
Step 3	ΔR² = .01
Large set object-based arithmetic
Step 1	R² = .06 ^*
Group	1.04	.48	.24	2.17	.033
Step 2	ΔR² = .34 ^**
Group	−.71	.51	−.16	−1.39	.169
Fine motor	.35	.10	.42	3.51	.001
Visual–spatial ability	.19	.06	.37	3.10	.003
PA	.04	.04	.11	.99	.325
Vocabulary	−.04	.06	−.08	−.67	.504
Step 3	ΔR² = .02

Note.

p < .05

^**

p < .01

PA =Phonological Awareness.