. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 22.

Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011 May;17(3):431–444. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000233

Table 7.

Hierarchical regressions of math outcomes at 60-months of age controlling for the autoregressive effects of math skill at 36-months of age

Predictors	B	SE	β	t	p
Oral counting
Step 1	R² = .13 ^**
Group	20.89	6.41	.37	3.26	.002
Step 2	ΔR² = .17 ^**
Group	14.31	6.04	.25	2.37	.021
TEMA	1.04	.26	.42	4.00	<.001
Step 3	ΔR² = .11 ^*
Group	7.57	7.36	.13	1.03	.308
TEMA	.59	.33	.24	1.81	.076
Fine motor	.50	1.40	.05	.36	.723
Visual–spatial ability	1.62	.81	.25	1.99	.050
PA	1.13	.55	.25	2.04	.046
Vocabulary	−.76	.88	−.11	−.87	.386
Step 4	ΔR² = .04
Counting principles
Step 1	R² = .15 ^**
Group	2.96	.90	.39	3.30	.002
Step 2	ΔR² = .19 ^**
Group	2.04	.83	.27	2.45	.017
TEMA	.15	.04	.45	4.12	<.001
Step 3	ΔR² = .06
Group	1.42	1.07	.19	1.33	.189
TEMA	.10	.05	.30	2.05	.045
Fine motor	.06	.20	.05	.32	.748
Visual–spatial ability	.06	.12	.07	.51	.610
PA	.16	.08	.26	2.01	.049
Vocabulary	−.04	.13	−.04	−.28	.778
Step 4	ΔR² = .06
Quantitative
Step 1	R² = .08 ^*
Group	2.38	1.13	.27	2.10	.041
Step 2	ΔR² = .08 ^*
Group	1.76	1.13	.20	1.55	.127
TEMA	.10	.04	.29	2.20	.032
Step 3	ΔR² = .16 ^*
Group	−.30	1.32	−.04	−.23	.822
TEMA	−.00	.06	−.01	−.05	.957
Fine Motor	.32	.24	.22	1.35	.183
Visual–spatial ability	.35	.16	.38	2.24	.029
PA	−.02	.10	−.03	−.16	.872
Vocabulary	.13	.17	.14	.81	.424
Step 4	ΔR² = .02
Small set object-based arithmetic
Step 1	R² = .01
Group	.22	.34	.08	.64	.524
Step 2	ΔR² = .10 ^*
Group	.02	.34	.01	.05	.963
TEMA	.04	.02	.32	2.60	.012
Step 3	ΔR² = .12
Group	−.43	.41	−.15	−1.03	.307
TEMA	.03	.02	.22	1.44	.155
Fine Motor	.16	.08	.32	2.09	.041
Visual–spatial ability	−.04	.05	−.13	−.87	.388
PA	.06	.03	.26	1.81	.075
Vocabulary	−.03	.05	−.09	−.61	.546
Step 4	ΔR² = .00
Large set object-based arithmetic
Step 1	R² = .08 ^*
Group	1.26	.53	.29	2.39	.020
Step 2	ΔR² = .10 ^**
Group	.95	.52	.22	1.84	.070
TEMA	.060	.02	.32	2.73	.008
Step 3	ΔR² = .25 ^**
Group	−.30	.56	−.07	−.53	.596
TEMA	.03	.03	.16	1.22	.226
Fine motor	.32	.11	.40	2.96	.004
Visual–spatial ability	.16	.07	.31	2.35	.022
PA	.04	.04	.12	.90	.370
Vocabulary	−.11	.07	−.22	−1.64	.106
Step 4	ΔR² = .02

Note.

p < .05

^**

p < .01

PA = Phonological Awareness.